Pakistan is a country located in South Asia, bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan and Iran to the west, China to the north, and the Arabian Sea to the south. The capital city of Pakistan is Islamabad. Other major cities include Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, and Quetta. Its population was 241,499,431 in 2023.

Mohenjo-daro, located in present-day Sindh, Pakistan, is one of the most significant archaeological sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. Dating back to around 2500 BCE, it is considered one of the world's earliest major urban centers and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.